Personalized System of Instruction (PSI)

Personalized System of Instruction (PSI)

            Fred. S.Killer and his associates like J.C. Sherman put forward the idea of new system of instruction in March 1963.  This system is known as personalized system of instruction and is also named as keller plan. It is an approach to classroom instruction designed to change the role of teacher from agent of information to the engineer or manager of students learning.

          Personalized system of instruction is a system of instruction totally personalized or individualized. Here the person or individual who receives instruction is a key figure. He dominated the entire since of the teaching – learning process. The instructions are carried out and received by the individual learner in his own way by making him central figure of the teaching learning process.

Naper (1980), personalized system of instruction is, basically, a self paced mastery learning in which the students work independently on the specially designed curriculum units. Every unit is provided with objectives and the instructions regarding reading assignment and the related problems. When a student feels that he has got mastery over the subject matter he may undergo brief test on that unit. It is essential for as student to get through this unit test for being allowed to work on the next unit. Scoring of this unit test is carried out promptly by the porch, a student observer”

Objectives of PSI

·        To help in the establishment of better personal – social relationship between the teacher and taught.

·        To provide better individual attention to wards individual learner in the shape of face to face and one to one personal contact.

·        To help the learner in acquiring mastery over the subject matter of his learning with his own pace.

·        To provide frequent reinforcement to the learners

·        To provide proper feed back to the teacher for a meaningful revision in programmer content and instructional procedure.

·        To evaluate the student performance as compared with other students.

Characteristics:

1.     Personal:  It lays more emphasis on personal – social relation ship between the students and the teacher. Teaching learning problems are solved impersonal basis.

2.     Standard:  The student is allowed to go ahead to new subject content by showing his mastery over learn material. It has a fixed standard o performance.

3.     Self – Pacing:  It provides an opportunity that each student works at his own pace according o his background of the subject and level to academic motivation. He is not suffer on account of the excessive or slow speed of his teachers or fellow students like in traditional methods of class room teaching.

4.     Written: It emphasis the importance of written work. The teacher provides the students to learners to practice on well- designed assignments. Here the subject material is presented before the learner in written form. The written instructional material is available in its various forms and styles  like programmed text, ordinary text, summarized briefs, specially designed curriculum units etc for helping a particulars learner to take their use according to the needs of the teaching – learning situation.

5.     Multimedia approach : In personalized system of instruction, attempts ate made to reduce the importance of the lecture  mused and verbal communication. It facilitates the student learning by the use of multimedia approach. Different students learn better through different devices. Some students learn better by listening, other by seeing or some other by reading or writing the content. In PSI the subject matter is presented the written form, through tape, through film and by computer.

6.     Motivation : It provides appropriate motivation or frequent reinforcement to the learner an individual  free to work on the assigned learning units with his own pace. He is also free to test his comprehension and mastery level through the unit tests as and when desired by him. The feedback provided b the result of this test provides him adequate reinforcement.

7.     Evaluation : The PSI evaluation is based upon a fixed standard or mastery over the content in variable of time. Another distractive feature of PSI lies in its mechanism of student leaders known the student learners to attain mastery over the given subject matter. These proctors are that student’s who is relatively the bright ones among a group of learners.

8.     Improvement : It provides the opportunities to remove the learning difficulties of each and every student of the system. In personalized system of instruction reducing the problem of wastage and stagnation.

9.     Teachers’ responsibility: The teacher has the great responsibility. He has to deal individually with large number of students working with the system and to test progress of learning. His role is not confined to the impacting of knowledge and information to his students. He is required to provide individualized and personalized instruction to his students. He has to arrange for suitable learning material, learning environmental timely frequent reinforcement and feedback to all the individual learners.

Uses and purpose:

            PSI is a recent innovation 9n the field of education. The PSI can be effectively applied for the following purposes.

1)    Developing efficient learning methods or strategies:  The PSI is a method or strategy of instruction. It helps to build the student sense of competence in discipline. An important use of PSI is that student select good study and develops good habits by continuous assignments.

2)    Improvement of Retention:   The PSI is helpful for the students. It is useful in teaching factual information as well as meaningful concepts.

3)    Raising performance level :     The effectiveness of PSI has been evaluated in terms of students performance. The performance level through PST is found significantly higher than the lecture method. It is better method of teaching than traditional method with regard to the performance and attitude of the students.

4)    Better transfer of training:   The method which facilitates better transfer of learning is considered to be effective. It is a method which can be used for improving the transfer of training which also results in higher performance.

5)    Developing desirable attitude:   The PSI provides a pleasant encounter by creating interpersonal relationship between teacher and students. It helps in developing desirable attitude in the learners. PSI develops the desirable attitude in the learners which also contribute in raising level of performance.

  

Instructional Technology

       

          In instructional technology the presentation of the contents is described in or out of the class. In both instruction and teaching, the pupils are motivated for learning.

Instruction means communication of information.   For e.g.: various types of audiovisual aids can guide the students.

          It includes teaching materials prepared on the basis of machines like tape-recorder, record player, television and projector etc. with its help large croups of the students may be provided with knowledge in minimum time.

          Teachers’ instruction is helpful in making teaching easy, precise, interesting and effective. The interaction between teacher and pupils is a must in teaching job. In instructions, especially in programmed instructions, the pupil can learn himself.

Instruction is used in teaching. But instruction cannot be termed teaching because interaction between a tr. and pupils is not essential in instructions.

Instruction can develop cognitive domains of the pupils only, whole teaching developed affective and cognitive domains. Instructional technology motivates learning process.

Assumptions of I.P

·        Pupil can learn according to his needs and capacities

·        Pupil can learn even in the absence of the teacher.

·        Reinforcement can be provided by using instruction continuously

·        Learning objectives can be achieved through instructional objectives.

·        The subject mater can be divided into various elements or sections can be taught independently through this technology.

Character tics:

·        It is helpful in achieving cognitive objectives

·        It can meet the shortage of effective tes.

·        With its help, the pupils can lesson according to their needs and speed.

·        It can control the  individual differences

Teaching Technology

          Teaching is an art. Teaching technology makes this art more easy, precise, practical and objective by using scientific principles.

          Teaching has two elements.

1.     Content

2.     Class room behavior or communication

Teaching Technology includes both contents and communication.

Teaching technology includes both instructional and behavioral technology.

Today teaching is considered student centered and not teacher cent red. In otherworld instead of teaching by the learning by the student is emphasized.

          The teaching work is compared with an industry in which is manger the pupils learning, like a manager or administrator. In such set-up teaching and learning content is divided into:

1.     Planning

2.     Organization

3.     Leading

4.     Controlling

1.       Planning: In planning tr. Analyses the contents, determines and defines the   learning – objectives and in the end, writes those objectives in clear terms.

          The tr. Performs three activities.

     i.   Task analysis

     ii.  Identification of objectives.

    iii.  Writing learning objectives.

2. Organization : In organization, the tr. Creates an effectives environment by selecting teaching methods, techniques, strategies and essential aids by which the pupils may achieve learning objectives through acquisition.

3. Leading:  In leading tr. Motivates the pupils to such an extent that they start taking interest in teaching and the learning objectives are achieved.

4. Controlling: In controlling the tr. observes the extent to which the organization and leading phases have achieved the learning objectives. He uses various techniques of measurement and evaluation for purpose.

Assumptions of T.T

·        The nature of teaching proves is scientific

·        Teaching activities are modifiable.

·        Teaching and learning can mutually be related

·        Appropriate conditions can be created by teaching for effective learning.

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·        It can make the teaching more effective

·        Pupil teachers and in-service trs can have its advantage.

·        Input, Process and output are involved

Importance and Need of Educational Teaching

            We are throwing light on the importance of educational technology in the following  lines.

·        Increasing the effectiveness of Teaching – Learning Process:   Educational technology brings desired improvement in teaching- learning process by making it effective. It develops to the maximum the cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects of the pupils.

·        Maximizing the output:  Educational technology has minimized the learning facilities. It uses the principles indoctrinated by psychology, sociology, mathematics, Engineering and other social and scientific subjects their input maximizes their output in the form of their competency by their technology.

·        Optimum use of Resources :  The developing countries possess very limited resources. They lack exerts, machinery or tools, schools building, stationary and time Educational Technology emphasizes the maximum use of available resources in the learning situations, which may benefits all the pupils of the nation from those limited resources. The teaching technology has developed the techniques like radio and television with which appreciable assistance has been sought for the expansion of mass education.

Scope of Educational Technology

          Educational technology got developed as a new subject in the field of education for the last few years. The term ‘education’ includes teaching, learning, instruction and training, similarly the scope of educational technology includes the following:-

1.     Behavior Technology

2.     Instructional Technology

3.     Teaching Technology

4.     Instructional design

5.     training design

6.     Cybernetic psychology

7.     System analysis

In view of the definitions and characteristics of educational technology, some geranial working-areas of educational technology can be pointed out-

1.     Area of curriculum construction:

In the present technological and psychological age, the application of scientific and technological knowledge is much essential for the curriculum construction. The task of the curriculum construction can be simplified with the help of educational technology.

2.     Selection of Teaching – Learning strategies:

                The selection of teaching – learning strategies turns easy with the help of  

                   educational technology. Here educational technology tries to describe the

                   ways and mean of discovering, selecting and developing suitable

                   strategies of teaching in terms of the optimum learning and available teaching             - learning resources.

3.      Selection of Audio-visual material:

Another important working-area of educational technology is that the teacher can select easily the audio – visual aids. With its assistance. Teaching –learning is greatly influenced through the use of appropriate audio- visual aids.

4.      Determination of educational objectives:

The software aspect of educational technology contributes in the formulation of teaching objectives. It tries to analyses the bread objectives in term of the specific class room objectives of teaching and learning, specification of those objectives in behavioral terms etc.

5.      Areas of Teachers Training:

The new innovations in educational technology can be use successfully in teachers training and it is actually being done such as micro teaching, simulated teaching, system approach, class-room interaction and teaching models etc.

6.      Area of feed back:

In the field of the education, educational technology has emphasized on feedback for evaluation many experiments have been carried out in this area. It is essentially concerned with the task of exercising appropriate control over the process of teaching and learning by planning and devising suitable tools and devise for the continuous evaluation of the process and products of the teaching and learning.

7.       Area of the Hardware:

One form of educational technology also occurs as Hardware devices such as teaching machines, tape recorder, television, computer and satellite etc. The

Learning in the class room can be made effective with their use.